Introduction
Racial disparities have lengthy pervaded each and every step of the criminal justice approach, from police stops, searches, arrests, shootings and other uses of force to charging decisions, wrongful convictions, and sentences. footnote1_t3c8c9h1 As a outcome, quite a few have concluded that a structural or institutional bias against people of color, shaped by extensive-standing racial, economic, and social inequities, infects the criminal justice method. footnote2_f8ppena2 These systemic inequities can also instill implicit biases — unconscious prejudices that favor in-groups and stigmatize out-teams — amongst individual regulation enforcement officials, influencing their day-to-day actions when interacting with the general public.
Law enforcement reforms, usually imposed soon after incidents of racist misconduct or brutality, have centered on addressing these unconscious manifestations of bias. The U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ), for example, has demanded implicit bias training as element of consent decrees it imposes to root out discriminatory […]